**Freemasonry, an ancient and secretive fraternal organization, has captivated the imaginations of many around the world for centuries. While its origins are often traced back to Europe, this enigmatic society has a presence in unexpected corners of the globe, including Iran. The story of Freemasonry in Iran is a fascinating journey through political intrigue, cultural adaptation, and profound societal shifts, offering a unique lens through which to view the nation's modern history.** In this blog post, we will delve into the history, presence, and the enigmatic world of Freemason lodges in Iran, exploring how this Western fraternity found a footing in Persian society, its rise to influence, and its eventual suppression. This general survey on the historical and modern presence of Freemasonry in Iran and Persian Freemasonry aims to shed light on a subject often shrouded in mystery and misconception. ## Table of Contents * [The Allure of Freemasonry: A Global Phenomenon](#the-allure-of-freemasonry-a-global-phenomenon) * [Early Footprints: Freemasonry's Arrival in Persia](#early-footprints-freemasonrys-arrival-in-persia) * [The Treaty of Finkenstein and Early Initiations](#the-treaty-of-finkenstein-and-early-initiations) * [Mirza Malkam Khan and the Faramosh Khaneh](#mirza-malkam-khan-and-the-faramosh-khaneh) * [Freemasonry in Pahlavi Iran: Phases of Influence](#freemasonry-in-pahlavi-iran-phases-of-influence) * [Post-WWII Resurgence and Political Ties](#post-wwii-resurgence-and-political-ties) * [The Grand Lodge of Iran: A Symbol of Establishment](#the-grand-lodge-of-iran-a-symbol-of-establishment) * [Prominent Figures: Freemasons in Iranian Politics](#prominent-figures-freemasons-in-iranian-politics) * [The Islamic Revolution and the Ban on Freemasonry](#the-islamic-revolution-and-the-ban-on-freemasonry) * [The Grand Lodge of Iran in Exile: A New Chapter](#the-grand-lodge-of-iran-in-exile-a-new-chapter) * [Misconceptions and the Paranoid Gaze: Understanding Iranian Perspectives](#misconceptions-and-the-paranoid-gaze-understanding-iranian-perspectives) * [The Future of Masonic Studies in Iran](#the-future-of-masonic-studies-in-iran) * [Conclusion](#conclusion) ## The Allure of Freemasonry: A Global Phenomenon Before delving into the specifics of **Freemasonry in Iran**, it's crucial to understand the broader context of this global fraternal order. Freemasonry, with its roots often traced to medieval stonemasons' guilds in Europe, evolved into a philosophical and philanthropic society emphasizing moral and spiritual development through allegorical rituals and symbols. Its core tenets typically revolve around brotherhood, charity, and the pursuit of knowledge. Over centuries, Freemasonry spread far beyond its European origins, establishing a presence across continents. For instance, Freemasonry was introduced to India in the 1730s by the English, demonstrating its early global reach. This famous fraternal order, bound by rituals and secret oaths, found its way into various societies, often adapting to local customs while maintaining its fundamental principles. The appeal of Freemasonry lay in its promise of mutual support, intellectual discourse, and a network that could transcend social and political divides, making it attractive to elites and intellectuals in diverse cultural settings. This global expansion set the stage for its eventual, intriguing journey into Persia. ## Early Footprints: Freemasonry's Arrival in Persia The introduction of Freemasonry to Persia, the historical name for Iran, was not a sudden event but a gradual process influenced by diplomatic ties and increasing Western engagement. Unlike some regions where it arrived through direct colonial influence, its entry into Persia was more subtle, often facilitated by Iranians traveling abroad or through European diplomats and residents within the country. This marked the beginning of **Freemasonry in Iran**. The 19th century proved to be a pivotal period. It was during this era that the order was formally introduced to Persia and subsequently adopted by Persian notables. This integration into an Islamic country like Iran, alongside others such as Iraq, Turkey, Egypt, and Morocco, highlights the adaptability of Freemasonry and the diverse motivations of those who chose to join. The early contacts were often informal, yet they laid the groundwork for the more structured establishment of Masonic lodges in the decades that followed. ### The Treaty of Finkenstein and Early Initiations One of the earliest documented instances of an Iranian's direct engagement with Freemasonry dates back to the early 19th century. Specifically, the first initiation of an Iranian into Freemasonry took place in Paris in 1808. This significant event occurred shortly after the conclusion of the Treaty of Finkenstein between Iran and France, a diplomatic agreement aimed at forming an alliance against Russia and Great Britain. The context of this initiation suggests a connection between diplomatic relations and the exposure of Iranian elites to Western institutions. Beyond individual initiations, there were also instances of Iranian dignitaries observing Masonic activities abroad. For example, in 1835, three Iranian princes paid a visit to London, where they visited and commented on the varied and interesting developments that were taking place, likely including encounters with Masonic lodges. These early exposures, whether through formal initiation or observation, planted the seeds for the eventual establishment of Masonic lodges on Iranian soil, paving the way for the unique trajectory of **Freemasonry in Iran**. ### Mirza Malkam Khan and the Faramosh Khaneh Perhaps the most significant figure in the early history of **Freemasonry in Iran** was Mirza Malkam Khan (1833–1908). A prominent intellectual, diplomat, and reformist, Malkam Khan played a crucial role in adapting Masonic concepts to the Iranian context. He established what he called the "Faramosh Khaneh," which translates to "House of Oblivion" or "House of Forgetfulness," serving as the name and equivalent that Mirza Malkam Khan used for Masonic lodges in Iran. Malkam Khan declared the establishment of the Faramosh Khaneh with a clear purpose: to nurture and strengthen brotherhood among its members and to promote the progress of Iran. Operating under the principles of authoritarianism that prevailed in Iran at that time, Malkam Khan believed that the Masonic lodge could be the best vehicle for fostering modern ideas and reforms within the existing political structure. The Faramosh Khaneh, while inspired by Freemasonry, was also distinctly Iranian, reflecting Malkam Khan's vision for national development and enlightenment. It represented a unique blend of Western fraternal ideals and Persian reformist ambitions, marking a pivotal moment in the evolution of **Persian Freemasonry**. ## Freemasonry in Pahlavi Iran: Phases of Influence The Pahlavi era (1925-1979) witnessed the most significant development and expansion of **Freemasonry in Iran**. During this period, Freemasonry became more organized and influential, particularly among the political and intellectual elite. The presence of Masonic lodges grew, and their membership included many prominent figures within the government and society. According to historical accounts, Freemasonry in the Pahlavi era underwent three distinct phases, reflecting the changing political and social landscape of the country. These phases ranged from initial cautious growth to a period of significant revival and establishment. ### Post-WWII Resurgence and Political Ties Following the events of World War II and the Allied invasion of Iran, the political landscape shifted dramatically, creating new opportunities for the resurgence of **Freemasonry in Iran**. This period saw a notable revival of Freemasonry, leading to the creation of new lodges, including the significant Lodge Pahlavi (Homāyūn). The lodges became increasingly integrated into the fabric of Iranian political life. It is a striking observation, as Raeen mentions, that after WWII, only a few of Iran's prime ministers were not Freemasons. This exclusive list included Ali Razmara, Asadollah Alam, Ali Amini, Abdolhossein Hajhir, and Fazlollah Zahedi. The fact that so many high-ranking officials were members underscores the extent to which Freemasonry became intertwined with the political establishment during this time. Membership in Freemasonry was seen by many as a route to influence, networking, and potentially, a path to power within the Pahlavi regime. This deep connection between Masonic lodges and the political elite highlights a fascinating aspect of modern Iranian history. ### The Grand Lodge of Iran: A Symbol of Establishment The culmination of Freemasonry's growth and institutionalization in Iran during the Pahlavi era was the establishment of the Grand Lodge of Iran. This significant milestone occurred in 1969 in Tehran. The creation of a national Grand Lodge signified the maturity and self-sufficiency of **Iranian Freemasonry**, moving beyond its earlier reliance on foreign Grand Lodges. Prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the Grand Lodge of Iran represented the pinnacle of Masonic organization in the country. At its height, it boasted an impressive network of 43 lodges and counted at least 1,035 members. This substantial membership, comprising intellectuals, professionals, and a significant number of politicians and government officials, reflected the widespread appeal and influence of Freemasonry within the Pahlavi state. The Grand Lodge served as a central authority, overseeing the activities of various lodges and ensuring adherence to Masonic principles, firmly cementing the presence and structure of **Freemasonry in Iran** before the seismic shift of the revolution. ## Prominent Figures: Freemasons in Iranian Politics The pervasive influence of **Freemasonry in Iran** during the Pahlavi era is perhaps best illustrated by the sheer number of Iranian politicians of all ranks who held membership in different lodges of Freemasonry. As previously noted, historical records indicate that a significant majority of prime ministers after World War II were indeed Freemasons, with only a handful explicitly identified as non-members. This trend extended far beyond the premiership, encompassing ministers, parliamentarians, high-ranking military officials, and other influential figures within the government and royal court. Membership in Masonic lodges offered a unique avenue for networking and camaraderie among the elite. It provided a space for discussions and the formation of alliances, often away from the public eye. For many, joining a Masonic lodge was not merely about philosophical pursuits but also a strategic move, as one route to political advancement and social integration was indeed membership of the Freemasons. This close association between the political class and Masonic lodges fueled both their power and, eventually, the suspicions surrounding them. The presence of such prominent figures within the ranks of **Persian Freemasonry** underscores its deep integration into the country's power structures during the mid-20th century. ## The Islamic Revolution and the Ban on Freemasonry The Islamic Revolution of 1979 marked a dramatic and definitive turning point for **Freemasonry in Iran**. With the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy and the establishment of the Islamic Republic, the new revolutionary government swiftly moved to dismantle institutions perceived as symbols of Western influence or as threats to the new Islamic order. Freemasonry, due to its historical ties to the Pahlavi regime and its perceived Western origins and secretive nature, became a prime target. Since the revolution, Freemasonry has been unequivocally banned in Iran. The leaders of the revolution identified Masons as "American and Zionist agents," portraying them as conspirators who were greatly responsible for the woes of the country. This narrative effectively demonized Freemasonry, linking it to foreign plots and anti-Islamic agendas. Masonic lodges were shut down, their assets confiscated, and their members faced severe repercussions, including arrest and persecution. This swift and decisive action effectively eradicated the overt presence of **Freemasonry in Iran**, forcing its activities underground or into exile. The revolution thus brought an abrupt end to centuries of gradual development and influence of Masonic lodges within the country. ## The Grand Lodge of Iran in Exile: A New Chapter The complete ban on **Freemasonry in Iran** following the 1979 Islamic Revolution forced Iranian Masons to seek refuge and continue their fraternal work outside their homeland. In response to this new reality, a "Grand Lodge of Iran in Exile" was created. This establishment provided a vital home for those Masons who had to flee the country, allowing them to maintain their Masonic ties and traditions. Many Master Masons, facing persecution and the suppression of their order, managed to leave the country legally or illegally. They emigrated to various parts of the world, including Europe, Canada, and the United States, seeking new lives and the freedom to practice their beliefs. The Grand Lodge of Iran (in exile) is currently established in Los Angeles, California, serving as the spiritual and administrative center for exiled Iranian Masons. Although its primary base is in Los Angeles, it holds meetings in Massachusetts, where the local Grand Lodge approved its practice in 1985, demonstrating a continued commitment to the principles of Freemasonry despite geographical displacement. This continuation of **Persian Freemasonry** in exile represents a testament to the enduring spirit of its members and their dedication to the fraternity. ## Misconceptions and the Paranoid Gaze: Understanding Iranian Perspectives The history of **Freemasonry in Iran** is inextricably linked with a complex web of public perception, often characterized by deep-seated suspicion and paranoia. For many Iranians, particularly in the post-revolutionary era, Freemasonry is not merely a fraternal organization but is seen as a kind of "colonialist devil worship" or a clandestine network serving foreign interests. This perception is rooted in a historical narrative that frequently attributes national misfortunes to external conspiracies and hidden hands. The revolutionary leaders' accusations that Masons were "American and Zionist agents" resonated deeply with a populace already wary of foreign intervention. This narrative contributed to a widespread belief that Freemasonry was a tool for Western domination, undermining Iranian sovereignty and Islamic values. Consequently, an insider writing about **Freemasonry in Iran** is undertaking a daring task, given the prevailing negative views. What is often overlooked by many Iranians, due to this pervasive paranoia, is the fact that "the great and the good" in Europe and America have historically been Masons, or that the arts and sciences in the West are largely a product of its intellectual and social movements, which often included Masonic influences. This lack of awareness contributes to the demonization of Freemasonry, preventing a nuanced understanding of its historical role and philosophical underpinnings. The challenge for future scholarship lies in navigating these deeply entrenched misconceptions to present a more balanced and evidence-based account of **Iranian Freemasonry**. ## The Future of Masonic Studies in Iran Despite the rich and complex history of **Freemasonry in Iran**, academic study on the subject has remained relatively niche compared to other areas within Iranian studies. While there have been significant contributions, such as "An Introduction to the History of Freemasonry in Iran" published in Middle Eastern Studies in 1970, and a study in the history of Iranian modernism from 1973, these works represent early pioneering efforts. Since the 1970s, there have been additional studies on Iranian Freemasonry, but by no means on par with more extensively researched fields such as literature, or modern political and intellectual histories. This gap suggests that there is still much to explore and uncover. For instance, there has not been much art historical interest in the relationship between Freemasonry and architecture in Iran, an area that has yielded fascinating insights in Western Masonic studies. This presents a unique opportunity for future scholars. A deeper dive into archival materials, personal memoirs, and comparative studies could yield invaluable insights into the social, political, and cultural impact of **Freemasonry in Iran**. This is a first in Iranian Masonic studies, indicating that the field is ripe for further exploration and comprehensive research, which could help demystify the topic and contribute to a more complete understanding of Iran's modern history. ## Conclusion The journey of **Freemasonry in Iran** is a compelling narrative of adaptation, influence, and ultimate suppression. From its tentative beginnings through early diplomatic contacts and the pioneering efforts of figures like Mirza Malkam Khan, to its rise as a powerful, albeit often discreet, force within the Pahlavi political establishment, Freemasonry played a unique role in Iran's modern history. The establishment of the Grand Lodge of Iran in Tehran in 1969, with its numerous lodges and thousands of members, marked the zenith of its presence, deeply intertwined with the nation's elite. However, the Islamic Revolution of 1979 brought an abrupt and definitive end to this chapter. Banned as a perceived agent of foreign influence, **Freemasonry in Iran** was forced into exile, with the Grand Lodge of Iran (in exile) continuing its work from abroad. The legacy of Freemasonry in Iran remains complex, often viewed through a lens of suspicion and conspiracy, highlighting the need for continued, rigorous academic inquiry to disentangle fact from popular misconception. We hope this exploration has shed some light on this intriguing subject. What are your thoughts on the role of secret societies in national development? Do you know of other instances where such organizations have had a profound impact on a country's history? Share your insights and comments below, and feel free to explore other articles on our site for more historical deep dives!
Address : 500 Armani Plains
Port Sid, OK 70592-6127
Phone : 520.786.0820
Company : Torphy, O'Conner and Schoen
Job : Food Cooking Machine Operators
Bio : Blanditiis et ut consectetur velit. Deserunt excepturi asperiores quia et praesentium tenetur. Itaque ratione saepe sunt. Aut blanditiis cumque omnis labore. Et debitis error sequi sit.
bio : Ducimus excepturi ea autem vitae consequuntur. Ullam eum a enim dolorem voluptatum quos itaque in. Id deserunt quasi ratione doloremque odio dolores et error.
