**The year 1935 stands as a monumental landmark in the history of a nation that has captivated the world for millennia. It was in this pivotal year that the ancient land known to the West as Persia officially embraced its indigenous name, Iran, a move that fundamentally _established the modern state of Iran in 1935_ and signaled a profound shift in its national identity and global standing. This change was far more than a mere linguistic adjustment; it was a deliberate and symbolic act, orchestrated by a powerful leader, Reza Shah Pahlavi, to reconnect the nation with its deep Aryan roots and propel it onto the world stage as a modern, unified entity.** This transformative period did not occur in a vacuum. The early 20th century was a time of immense geopolitical upheaval, particularly in the Middle East. The collapse of the vast Ottoman Empire after World War I reshaped the regional map, giving rise to new nation-states like the Turkish Republic and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Amidst this tumultuous backdrop, Persia, under the nascent Pahlavi dynasty, embarked on its own unique journey of modernization and self-definition, culminating in the formal declaration that would forever link the name "Iran" with its contemporary identity. --- **Table of Contents** * [The Dawn of a New Era: Persia's Path to Modernity](#the-dawn-of-a-new-era-persias-path-to-modenity) * [Reza Shah Pahlavi: Architect of Modern Iran](#reza-shah-pahlavi-architect-of-modern-iran) * [A Visionary Leader's Ascent](#a-visionary-leaders-ascent) * [The Great Renaming: Persia Becomes Iran in 1935](#the-great-renaming-persia-becomes-iran-in-1935) * [Reclaiming Identity: The 'Iran' Decree](#reclaiming-identity-the-iran-decree) * [Sweeping Reforms and National Identity](#sweeping-reforms-and-national-identity) * [The Legacy of the Pahlavi Dynasty (1925-1979)](#the-legacy-of-the-pahlavi-dynasty-1925-1979) * [Continuity and Change Under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi](#continuity-and-change-under-mohammad-reza-pahlavi) * [Iran's Ancient Roots and Shi'a Identity](#irans-ancient-roots-and-shia-identity) * [The Enduring Influence of Shi'a Islam](#the-enduring-influence-of-shia-islam) * [Global Context: A Changing Middle East](#global-context-a-changing-middle-east) * [The Enduring Impact of 1935](#the-enduring-impact-of-1935) * [Conclusion](#conclusion) --- ## The Dawn of a New Era: Persia's Path to Modernity The early 20th century was a period of profound transformation across the globe, and particularly in the Middle East. The old order, characterized by vast, multi-ethnic empires, was crumbling. The most significant example of this was the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire shortly after World War I, which had dominated much of the region for centuries. This power vacuum, coupled with rising nationalist sentiments, paved the way for the emergence of new, independent states. In this dynamic environment, Persia, a nation with an unbroken history stretching back millennia, found itself at a crossroads. Unlike the Ottoman Empire, which fragmented into numerous new entities, Persia had maintained its territorial integrity, albeit often under the sway of foreign powers. Its journey towards modernization and self-assertion would be distinct, focusing on internal reforms and a redefinition of its national image. While the new Turkish Republic aggressively modernized under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established through a different path, Persia was evolving into what would truly be known as the modern state of Iran. This period also saw mounting tensions in Palestine, where both Arabs and Jews viewed the area as their homeland, further underscoring the regional flux. Persia's trajectory was thus part of a broader, complex narrative of nation-building in a post-imperial world. ## Reza Shah Pahlavi: Architect of Modern Iran The driving force behind Persia's dramatic transformation into the modern state of Iran was Reza Shah Pahlavi. His rise to power was a testament to his ambition, military prowess, and a clear vision for his country. Born Reza Khan, he began his career in the Persian Cossack Brigade, steadily climbing the ranks to become a formidable military figure. Recognizing the weakness and corruption of the Qajar dynasty, which had ruled Persia for over a century, Reza Khan orchestrated a coup in 1921. By 1925, he had consolidated his power, deposed the last Qajar Shah, and crowned himself Reza Shah, establishing the Pahlavi dynasty. This new dynasty would rule Iran until 1979. Reza Shah's rule was characterized by an ambitious program of modernization and centralization, aimed at strengthening the state and asserting national sovereignty. He sought to create a powerful, unified nation-state, free from foreign interference and rooted in a revived sense of national pride. His reforms touched every aspect of society, from the military and economy to education and social customs. He believed that for Iran to stand tall among modern nations, it needed a strong, secular government, a modern infrastructure, and an educated populace. His vision was clear: to transform a fragmented, traditional society into a cohesive, progressive nation, laying the groundwork for what would officially become the modern state of Iran in 1935. ### A Visionary Leader's Ascent Reza Shah's early life and military career provided him with a unique perspective on Persia's vulnerabilities and potential. He witnessed firsthand the country's economic stagnation, its political instability, and the encroaching influence of foreign powers, particularly Britain and Russia. His experiences fueled a deep-seated desire to liberate Persia from these constraints and restore its former glory. Upon becoming Shah, he embarked on a series of reforms designed to achieve this. He established a national army, replacing disparate tribal militias, thereby centralizing power and ensuring internal security. He invested heavily in infrastructure, building roads, railways, and factories, which were crucial for economic development and national integration. Furthermore, Reza Shah initiated significant legal and educational reforms. He secularized the legal system, replacing traditional Islamic courts with a modern, state-controlled judiciary. He also established the University of Tehran in 1934, the first modern university in Iran, and sent thousands of students abroad for education, aiming to create a new class of educated professionals who would contribute to the nation's progress. Women's rights also saw some advancements, including the controversial ban on the veil in 1936, a move aimed at promoting Westernization and gender equality, though it met with significant resistance from conservative elements. These sweeping changes, often implemented with an authoritarian hand, were all part of a grand design to forge a strong, independent, and modern nation, culminating in the symbolic and official act that _established the modern state of Iran in 1935_. ## The Great Renaming: Persia Becomes Iran in 1935 The most symbolic and globally recognized act of Reza Shah's modernization program occurred on March 21, 1935. On this date, coinciding with Nowruz, the Persian New Year, Reza Shah issued a decree asking foreign delegates to officially use the term "Iran" in all formal correspondence. This directive effectively mandated that the country, previously known to the Western world as "Persia," would henceforth be referred to by its native name. The rationale behind this change was deeply rooted in national identity and historical accuracy. "Persia" was a term primarily used by Westerners, derived from the ancient Greek name for a specific region within the Iranian plateau (Pars or Fars). However, the inhabitants of the land had always referred to their country as "Iran," a name derived from "Aryan," signifying "Land of the Aryans." This name change was thus a powerful statement of self-determination, a conscious effort to shed a foreign appellation and reconnect the nation with its ancient, pre-Islamic Aryan roots, fostering a stronger sense of modern national identity. It was a pivotal moment that solidified how Reza Shah had _established the modern state of Iran in 1935_. From this moment on, the map of Asia officially featured the state of Iran. ### Reclaiming Identity: The 'Iran' Decree The decree issued on March 21, 1935, was not merely a suggestion; it was a firm instruction to foreign diplomatic missions and international bodies. According to the authorities, foreign representatives were not allowed to use the name "Persia" any longer in official communications. This move was designed to standardize the country's name globally and eliminate the confusion and misrepresentation that the term "Persia" often entailed. While "Persia" evoked images of ancient empires, luxurious carpets, and exotic tales, "Iran" was the name that resonated with the people and their long history. The decision was met with varying reactions internationally. For many Westerners, "Persia" was deeply ingrained, and the transition took time. However, for Iranians, it was a source of immense pride, signifying a reclamation of their true identity on the world stage. It underscored Reza Shah's commitment to building a nation that was not only modern in its infrastructure and governance but also confident in its historical and cultural heritage. This act was a cornerstone in the process through which he _established the modern state of Iran in 1935_, marking a clear break from a past where foreign perceptions often dictated the country's image. ## Sweeping Reforms and National Identity Beyond the name change, Reza Shah's reign was characterized by a comprehensive program of reforms aimed at building a robust and unified national identity. These reforms were instrumental in truly establishing the modern state of Iran in 1935 and in the decades that followed. His efforts were multifaceted, encompassing economic, social, and cultural spheres. Economically, Reza Shah pursued a policy of state-led industrialization. He established numerous factories, developed a national banking system, and sought to reduce foreign economic influence. The Trans-Iranian Railway, a monumental engineering feat completed in 1938, became a symbol of national achievement and significantly improved internal communication and trade. Socially, he pushed for Westernization and secularization. This included the controversial unveiling of women, the introduction of Western dress for men, and the establishment of a modern, secular education system that gradually replaced traditional religious schools. These measures were intended to create a more unified, modern citizenry, loyal to the state rather than to local religious or tribal authorities. Culturally, Reza Shah promoted a strong sense of Iranian nationalism, emphasizing the country's pre-Islamic heritage and its ancient Aryan roots. This narrative was woven into the educational curriculum and public discourse, fostering a collective identity that transcended regional and ethnic differences. By centralizing power, modernizing the military, and implementing these far-reaching reforms, Reza Shah laid the institutional and ideological foundations upon which the modern state of Iran would stand, ensuring that the 1935 name change was not just symbolic but reflective of a deeper, systemic transformation. ## The Legacy of the Pahlavi Dynasty (1925-1979) The Pahlavi dynasty, initiated by Reza Shah in 1925, lasted for 54 years, until 1979. While Reza Shah laid the groundwork, his successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, inherited the task of continuing the modernization efforts and navigating Iran through the complexities of the Cold War era. The Imperial State of Iran, officially known as the Imperial State of Persia until 1935 and commonly referred to as Pahlavi Iran, continued to evolve under his rule. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who ascended to the throne in 1941, continued many of his father's policies, further strengthening the state and expanding its economy, particularly through oil revenues. Interestingly, in 1959, he announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" were acceptable and could be used interchangeably. This decision reflected a more nuanced understanding of the country's dual identity, acknowledging the historical and cultural significance of "Persia" while maintaining the official status of "Iran." Despite continued modernization and significant economic growth, the Pahlavi dynasty ultimately faced increasing internal dissent, culminating in the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which ousted the monarchy and ended the imperial state, ushering in the Islamic Republic. ### Continuity and Change Under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's reign saw significant developments, building upon the foundations his father had laid. He continued the industrialization drive, expanded education, and implemented land reforms known as the "White Revolution" in the 1960s, aiming to modernize the agricultural sector and redistribute land to peasants. His foreign policy was largely pro-Western, aligning Iran with the United States during the Cold War. This alliance brought considerable military and economic aid, further bolstering Iran's position as a regional power. However, despite the economic progress and outward signs of modernity, the Shah's rule became increasingly authoritarian. Political dissent was suppressed, and the gap between the rich and poor widened. The rapid pace of Westernization also alienated conservative religious elements and traditional segments of society. While the formal establishment of the modern state of Iran in 1935 under Reza Shah was a unifying moment, the subsequent decades under his son witnessed growing internal divisions that would eventually lead to the downfall of the Pahlavi dynasty. The decision to make both "Persia" and "Iran" acceptable also reflected a subtle shift, perhaps an attempt to bridge the gap between traditionalists who preferred the historical "Persia" and modernists who embraced "Iran." ## Iran's Ancient Roots and Shi'a Identity While the 1935 renaming was a modern act, it consciously reconnected Iran with its ancient heritage. The name "Iran" itself, meaning "Land of the Aryans," harks back to the Indo-Iranian peoples who settled the plateau millennia ago. This deep historical continuity distinguishes Iran from many other modern nations whose identities are more recent constructs. However, beyond its ancient Aryan roots, another profound historical shift significantly shaped the identity of the modern state of Iran: the establishment of Shi'a Islam as the official religion. The main change occurred in the beginning of the 16th century, when Ismail I founded the Safavid dynasty. Ismail I initiated a religious policy to recognize Shi'a Islam as the official religion of the Safavid Empire. Before this, Persia had largely been Sunni, like most of the Muslim world. Ismail I's decision was a deliberate act of state-building, creating a distinct religious identity for his empire that set it apart from its powerful Sunni neighbors, particularly the Ottoman Empire. The fact that modern Iran remains an officially Shi'ite state is a direct result of Ismail's actions, underscoring how historical decisions, centuries before Reza Shah, profoundly influenced the unique character of the nation that would officially become the modern state of Iran in 1935. ### The Enduring Influence of Shi'a Islam The Safavid conversion to Shi'ism had far-reaching consequences that continue to define Iran's national identity and its role in the world today. It fostered a strong sense of religious and cultural distinctiveness, creating a unique Persianate Shi'ite civilization. This religious identity became intertwined with national identity, making Iran the only major Shi'ite power in a predominantly Sunni Muslim world. This religious heritage profoundly influenced the social fabric, legal system, and political thought of the nation. Even during the secularizing reforms of Reza Shah and his son, the deep-seated Shi'ite identity of the populace remained a powerful force. The religious establishment continued to wield significant influence, often serving as a counter-balance to the state. The Iranian Revolution of 1979, which replaced the secular monarchy with an Islamic Republic, can be seen as a powerful resurgence of this deep-rooted Shi'ite identity, demonstrating its enduring power and its critical role in shaping the nation's trajectory, even after the formal declaration that _established the modern state of Iran in 1935_. ## Global Context: A Changing Middle East The transformation of Persia into the modern state of Iran in 1935 was part of a larger narrative of profound geopolitical shifts occurring across the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which had for centuries been a dominant force, created a vacuum that led to the redrawing of maps and the emergence of new national entities. While Persia was undergoing its internal metamorphosis, other significant developments were unfolding. The new Turkish Republic, under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, embarked on a rapid and radical program of secularization and Westernization, creating a starkly different model of modernization compared to its former imperial self. Simultaneously, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established, founded on a conservative religious ideology, representing another distinct path to nationhood in the region. In Palestine, tensions mounted as both Arabs and Jews viewed the area as their homeland, leading to conflicts that would define much of the 20th century in the Levant. This regional tapestry of emerging states, each with its own unique trajectory and challenges, highlights the distinctiveness of Iran's path. The decision to officially become "Iran" in 1935 was not just an internal matter; it was a statement to a rapidly changing world, asserting its identity and sovereignty amidst a landscape of newly defined borders and burgeoning nationalisms. ## The Enduring Impact of 1935 The year 1935 marked a definitive turning point for Iran. The decree to officially use "Iran" globally was a powerful symbolic act that underscored Reza Shah's broader vision for the nation. It was a declaration of independence from Western nomenclature and a reassertion of a proud, indigenous identity. This act, combined with the sweeping reforms in administration, education, infrastructure, and military, fundamentally _established the modern state of Iran in 1935_. The impact of this year reverberated through the decades. It solidified a national identity that drew strength from both ancient Persian heritage and a drive towards modernity. While the Pahlavi dynasty itself would eventually fall, the foundational changes initiated by Reza Shah endured. The centralized state, the modern institutions, and the strong sense of Iranian nationalism, distinct from broader Arab or Islamic identities, were all legacies of this period. The name change, in particular, became a permanent fixture, ensuring that the country was known by its true name on the world stage, a testament to the nation's enduring spirit and its capacity for self-definition. ## Conclusion The year 1935 stands as a pivotal moment in the annals of Iranian history, marking the formal birth of the modern nation as we know it today. Under the visionary, albeit authoritarian, leadership of Reza Shah Pahlavi, Persia shed its Western-imposed name and officially embraced "Iran," a powerful act that reconnected the nation with its ancient Aryan roots and signaled its intent to forge a modern national identity. This was not merely a change of name but the culmination of a decade of sweeping reforms aimed at centralizing power, modernizing institutions, and fostering a unified, proud populace. From the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925 to the far-reaching reforms in education, infrastructure, and military, Reza Shah systematically laid the groundwork that truly _established the modern state of Iran in 1935_. This transformation occurred within a dynamic global context, where old empires crumbled and new nations emerged, each carving out its own path. While the Pahlavi dynasty ultimately ended in 1979, the foundational elements of the modern Iranian state – its national identity, its centralized governance, and its unique blend of ancient heritage and modern aspirations – remain a lasting legacy of this transformative era. Understanding this period is crucial for comprehending the complexities of contemporary Iran. What are your thoughts on this profound historical shift? 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