Ayatollahs In Iran: The Enduring Power Of Religious Leadership
The Dawn of a New Era: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the 1979 Revolution
The story of modern Iran, particularly the establishment of its unique political system, is inextricably linked to the towering figure of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. He was the visionary leader who spearheaded the revolution that overthrew the Pahlavi monarchy in 1979, fundamentally altering the course of Iranian history and establishing the Islamic Republic. His charisma, unwavering conviction, and profound religious scholarship resonated deeply with a populace yearning for change, leading to one of the most significant geopolitical shifts of the late 20th century.The Architect of Islamic Governance
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was not merely a revolutionary; he was also the architect of a new system of governance known as *Velayat-e Faqih*, or the Guardianship of the Jurist. This theory posited that in the absence of the Hidden Imam, the most learned and just Islamic jurist (the Supreme Leader) should hold ultimate political and religious authority. His active opposition to the Shah, his theories of Islamic governance, and his networking while in exile helped foster the Islamic Republic in 1979 and earn him the position of Iran’s leader until his death in 1989. He transformed a traditional religious title into the ultimate political office, making the Ayatollahs in Iran the supreme arbiters of the nation's destiny. The legacy of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini continues to shape the ideological foundations of the Islamic Republic, influencing every aspect of its domestic and foreign policy.Biography of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Born in Khomein, Iran, Ruhollah Khomeini began his religious studies at a young age, eventually becoming a prominent scholar and teacher in Qom, a center of Shi'a learning. His early teachings focused on Islamic ethics and mysticism, but as the Pahlavi regime grew increasingly secular and autocratic, his focus shifted to political activism. He became a vocal critic of the Shah's policies, particularly the White Revolution, which he viewed as anti-Islamic and detrimental to traditional Iranian society. His outspokenness led to his arrest and subsequent exile in the 1960s, first to Turkey, then to Iraq (Najaf), and finally to France (Neauphle-le-Château). Despite his physical absence from Iran, Khomeini's influence grew exponentially. His sermons and messages, often disseminated via cassette tapes, galvanized the Iranian population, laying the groundwork for the revolution. He articulated a vision of an independent, Islamic Iran, free from foreign influence and domestic tyranny. When the revolution finally erupted in 1978-1979, Khomeini returned to a hero's welcome, becoming the de facto leader of the new Islamic Republic. He guided the country through its tumultuous early years, including the Iran-Iraq War, and established the foundational institutions of the new state. His passing in 1989 marked the end of an era, leaving behind a profound and indelible mark on Iran.Biodata of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
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